archlinux ############### 制作启动u盘 =========== 下载\ `archlinux iso `__ 下载\ `ventoy `__ 刻录ventoy后，将ventoy分区格式化为ntfs。 直接将archlinux iso文件拷贝到ventoy分区。 还可以放入 `clonezilla iso `__, `gparted iso `__, `winpe iso `__ 等其他iso。 dd -- linux 环境直接刻录u盘: .. code-block:: dd bs=4M if=archlinux.iso of=/dev/sdx status=progress && sync windows ------- windows环境直接刻录u盘: .. code-block:: 下载LinuxLive USB Creator：http://www.linuxliveusb.com/ 初始安装 ======== `How to Install Arch Linux `__ `Arch Linux and Windows 10 (UEFI + Encrypted) Install Guide `__ u盘启动 ------- 进入BIOS，从U盘启动，进入archlinux live 设置arch源 ---------- 编辑/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist，选择合适的server 例如 http://mirrors.163.com/archlinux/ 硬盘分区 -------- 假设系统硬盘为/dev/sda 全新分区 ~~~~~~~~ fdisk /dev/sda 将磁盘旧的msdos分区表切换为gpt ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ sgdisk -g /dev/sda 新建系统分区 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ mkfs -t ext4 -b 4096 -E stride=128,stripe-width=128 /dev/sda1 调整系统分区大小 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: e2fsck -f /dev/sda1 resize2fs /dev/sda1 新建efi分区 ~~~~~~~~~~~ 磁盘新建一个efi分区（假设为 /dev/sda5），类型为vfat，标识为 ``boot, esp`` ，大小例如1GB /etc/fstab 示例 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: /dev/sda1 / ext4 rw,relatime,stripe=128 0 1 /dev/sda5 /boot vfat defaults 0 2 连接无线网絡 ------------ ``wifi-menu`` ``iwd`` ``iwctl --passphrase station connect `` 安装系统 -------- .. code-block:: mount /dev/sda1 /mnt mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/boot pacstrap /mnt base base-devel dialog vim iwd pacstrap /mnt linux linux-headers linux-firmware pacstrap /mnt glibc lib32-glibc arch-chroot /mnt 编辑/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist，设置arch源，同上节 .. code-block:: ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime mkinitcpio -p linux pacman -S netctl net-tools wpa_actiond wireless_tools wpa_supplicant ifplugd dialog dhclient dhcpcd exit reboot 系统更新 -------- 重启之后，执行 ``wifi-menu`` 连接到无线网络 .. code-block:: pacman -Syu 数据包更新失败 -------------- .. code-block:: sudo pacman -S archlinux-keyring sudo pacman-key –refresh-keys sudo pacman-key –populate archlinux sudo pacman -Scc sudo pacman -Syu pacman/yaourt调用aria2多线程下载文件 ------------------------------------ 假设同时开8个连接 .. code-block:: pacman -S aria2 在/etc/pacman.conf中指定 .. code-block:: XferCommand = /usr/bin/aria2c -c -o %o %u 在/etc/makepkg.conf中指定DLAGENTS .. code-block:: http::/usr/bin/aria2c -c -o %o %u https::/usr/bin/aria2c -c -o %o %u ftp::/usr/bin/aria2c -c -o %o %u 时间 ---- 设置rtc避免windows/archlinux重启后时间乱跳 .. code-block:: pacman -S ntp ntpdate asia.pool.ntp.org timedatectl set-local-rtc 1 timedatectl status UEFI 引导 ========= 配置 uefi Systemd-boot ---------------------- `用Systemd-boot取代GRUB作為Linux的bootloader `__ 安装 ~~~~ .. code-block:: pacman -S efibootmgr 安装/修复 EFI引导 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 进入archlinux live环境 .. code-block:: mount /dev/sda1 /mnt mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/boot bootctl install --path=/mnt/boot 设置archlinux的EFI引导 ---------------------- blkid 查看 archlinux 根分区的PARTUUID。 编辑 /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf .. code-block:: title Arch Linux linux /vmlinuz-linux initrd /initramfs-linux.img options root=PARTUUID=xxxxxxxxxx rw quiet splash 添加windows的EFI引导 -------------------- 把windows系统分区下的EFI/Microsoft目录直接拷贝到/boot/EFI/目录下。 设置默认引导 ------------ 编辑 /boot/loader/loader.conf .. code-block:: default @saved timeout 3 console-mode max boot目录示例 ------------ .. code-block:: $ tree /boot -L 3 /boot ├── EFI │   ├── Microsoft │   │   ├── Boot │   │   └── Recovery │   └── systemd │   └── systemd-bootx64.efi ├── initramfs-linux-fallback.img ├── initramfs-linux.img ├── loader │   ├── entries │   │   └── arch.conf │   ├── entries.srel │   ├── loader.conf │   └── random-seed └── vmlinuz-linux 调整efi boot项 -------------- 设置boot优先顺序，例如先1再0：efibootmgr -o 1,0 删除某个boot项，例如3: efibootmgr -b 3 -B 图形界面 ======== 安装X ----- .. code-block:: pacman -S xorg xorg-xinit consolekit 安装XFCE ~~~~~~~~ .. code-block:: pacman -S xfce4 xfce4-goodies xfce4-notifyd elementary-xfce-icons 进入X的配置，不然关机键老是灰的：编辑~/.xinitrc .. code-block:: exec ck-launch-session dbus-launch startxfce4 硬件驱动 ======== 声卡 ---- - `ArchWiki:设置ALSA `__ - `archlinux音量太小的问题解决 `__ .. code-block:: pacman -Sy pavucontrol pulseaudio pulseaudio-alsa pacman -S alsa-lib alsa-utils alsa-oss sof-firmware gpasswd -a USERNAME wheel gpasswd -a USERNAME audio alsaconf alsamixer alsactl store 编辑 ``/etc/rc.conf`` 文件，添加 ``alsa`` 到DAEMONS行。 编辑\ ``/etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base``\ 文件，添加以下两行： .. code-block:: options snd-usb-audio index=0 options snd-hda-intel index=1 热插拔(xfce4) ------------- .. code-block:: pacman -S ntfs-3g thunar-volman udisks2 pacman -S gvfs gvfs-afc gvfs-gphoto2 gvfs-mtp 配置 /etc/fstab，手动挂载磁盘 .. code-block:: /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb ntfs-3g noauto,users,permissions 0 0 挂载示例： .. code-block:: udisksctl mount -b /dev/sdc1 显卡 ---- .. code-block:: sudo pacman -S nvidia-dkms nvidia-utils lib32-nvidia-utils nvidia-prime 触摸屏 ------ .. code-block:: sudo pacman -S xf86-input-wacom 关闭触摸板 ---------- .. code-block:: sudo pacman -S synaptics sudo synclient TouchpadOff=1 输入法 ====== .. code-block:: pacman -S ibus-rime 在\ ``$HOME/.bashrc``\ 中添加： .. code-block:: export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 export LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.UTF-8 export XIM_PROGRAM=ibus export XMODIFIERS="@im=ibus" export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus export XIM=ibus 在\ ``$HOME/.xinitrc``\ 中添加： .. code-block:: ibus-daemon -drx 郑码 ---- .. code-block:: git clone https://github.com/rime/plum cd plum bash rime-install lotem/rime-zhengma 编辑 ``~/.config/ibus/rime/default.custom.yaml``\ ： .. code-block:: patch: schema_list: - schema: zhengma - schema: terra_pinyin 中文环境 ======== - ``vim /etc/locale.gen``\ ，指定zh_CN.UTF-8 - ``vim /etc/local.conf`` .. code-block:: LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=zh_CN.UTF-8 - 执行locale-gen - vim /etc/rc.conf .. code-block:: LOCALE=zh_CN.UTF-8 locale-gen时找不到character map file ------------------------------------ ``pacman -Syu``\ 升级的时候出的问题 执行locale-gen提示：\ ``character map file "en_US" not found`` 结果locale就变成”C” ``pacman -S glibc``\ 重装一遍，还是出错，不过提示空间不足 ``pacman -Scc`` 清理空间 ``pacman -S glibc -f`` 网络 ==== 根据MAC地址固定网卡名称 ----------------------- 编辑文件/etc/udev/rules.d/10-network.rules .. code-block:: SUBSYSTEM==“net”, ATTR{address}==“00:26:2d:f6:ad:43”, NAME=“eth0” SUBSYSTEM==“net”, ATTR{address}==“70:f1:a1:28:5a:ad”, NAME=“wlan0” 无线(netctl) ------------ - 安装: ``pacman -S net-tools wireless_tools wpa_supplicant netctl`` - 配置: 参考/etc/netctl/examples/ - 新建一个/etc/netctl/athome配置(wpa) ``wpa_passphrase athome athomepasswd``\ 查看psk，假设psk为\ ``xxxxxxxxxxxxx`` .. code-block:: CONNECTION=‘wireless’ DESCRIPTION=‘athome’ INTERFACE=‘wlan0’ SECURITY=‘wpa’ ESSID=‘athome’ IP=‘dhcp’ KEY="xxxxxxxxxxxxx - 新建一个/etc/netctl/atwork配置(wep) .. code-block:: CONNECTION=‘wireless’ DESCRIPTION=‘atwork’ INTERFACE=‘wlan0’ SECURITY=‘wep’ ESSID=atwork IP=‘dhcp’ KEY=“s:myatworkpasswd” - 开机启动 .. code-block:: netctl enable athome - 移除开机启动 .. code-block:: ls /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ netctl enable athome - 手工启动 .. code-block:: netctl start athome 无线(wpa_supplicant) -------------------- 安装 .. code-block:: pacman -S net-tools wireless_tools wpa_supplicant 假设配置ESSID为mywireless，密码为mypasswd的无线 .. code-block:: wpa_passphrase mywireless mypasswd >> /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf 手动修改wpa_supplicant.conf .. code-block:: update_config=1 ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=wheel ap_scan=1 fast_reauth=1 network={ ssid=“mywireless” #proto=WPA proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP TKIP group=CCMP TKIP #psk=“mypasswd” psk=09896d6dc939e1d6b279c10ee3d4d1c8c75970ce345c6552b7ee47d892f0740e } 手动连接：假设无线网卡为wlan0 .. code-block:: WLAN=wlan0 ESSID=mywireless PASSWD=mypasswd rm /run/dhcpcd-:math:`WLAN.pid rm /var/run/wpa_supplicant/`\ WLAN ifconfig $WLAN up wpa_supplicant -dd -B -Dwext -i $WLAN -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf ifconfig $WLAN up iwconfig $WLAN essid :math:`ESSID key "s:`\ PASSWD” dhcpcd $WLAN vpn --- - 参考：\ `archlinux pptp vpn拨号连接 `__ - 没看到arch下有/etc/ppp/ip-up.d目录，用以下脚本来启动vpn，我没有把它加为开机启动项，嗯。 .. code-block:: #!/bin/zsh #取网关地址 gateway=\ ``route|grep default|grep eth0|awk '{print $2;}'`` vpn_gateway=“192.168.6.253” echo “拨号…” sudo poff -a sleep 2 sudo pon lab sleep 3 echo “修改路由…” #科大的地址不从vpn走 sudo route add -net 202.38.0.0/16 gw $gateway eth0 sudo route add -net 210.45.0.0/16 gw $gateway eth0 sudo route add -net 211.86.0.0/16 gw $gateway eth0 #默认从vpn走 sudo route del default sudo route add default gw $vpn_gateway dev ppp0 #看路由 sudo route -n netctl提示wpa无线连接失败，要看 journal -xn等等 ----------------------------------------------- .. code-block:: netctl start somewireless netctl 提示wpa无线连接失败，要看journal -xn等等 可以先禁用对应的网卡，再重新start，例如： .. code-block:: ip link set wlan0 down netctl start somewireless {% endhighlight %} 无线速度慢 wireless slow ------------------------ 参考\ `Slow Wireless Intel 6235 (iwlwifi module) `__ .. code-block:: echo options iwlwifi 11n_disable=1 \| sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/51-disable-6235-11n.conf 禁用 wifi 键盘灯 LED 闪烁 ------------------------- 见：\ `wireless led blink `__ .. code-block:: # echo ‘options iwlwifi led_mode=1’ >> /etc/modprobe.d/wlan.conf # modprobe -r iwlwifi && modprobe iwlwifi {% endhighlight %} 或者 .. code-block:: # echo ‘w /sys/class/leds/phy0-led/trigger - - - - phy0radio’ > /etc/tmpfiles.d/phy0-led.conf # systemd-tmpfiles –create phy0-led.conf 常用软件 ======== .. code-block:: pacman -S rsync curl lftp wget axel pacman -S wqy-bitmapfont wqy-zenhei ttf-monaco pacman -S smplayer ffmpeg flashplayer pacman -S libreoffice-zh-CN libreoffice-impress libreoffice-writer libreoffice-calc pacman -S zip unzip unrar p7zip thunar-archive-plugin xarchiver arj cpio lzop pacman -S firefox firefox-i18n-zh-cn freshplayerplugin pepper-flash chromium pacman -S dnsutils traceroute wireshark-gtk yay --- .. code-block:: cd /tmp git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay-bin.git cd yay-bin makepkg -si 安装deb包 --------- .. code-block:: yay -S debtap sudo debtap -u debtap xxx.deb sudo pacman -U xxx.zst Web: NGINX+PHP -------------- .. code-block:: pacman -S nginx spawn-fcgi php-cgi {% endhighlight %} - 以http(用户):http(组)启动fastcgi : .. code-block:: spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 9000 -C 5 -u http -g http -f /usr/bin/php-cgi - 配置/etc/nginx/conf/nginx.conf .. code-block:: location / { root /var/www; index index.php index.html index.htm; } location ~ .php$ { root /var/www; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME :math:`document_root`\ fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } {% endhighlight %} - 启动nginx: /etc/rc.d/nginx start music ----- `cue_splitting `__ .. code-block:: pacman -S cuetools mp3info wavpack flac mac shntool bchunk firefox 安装 flash 插件 ----------------------- - 在 adobe 网站下载 flash player - 将其中的libflashplayer.so 复制到 ~/.mozilla/plugins/目录下 - 执行 ldd ~/.mozilla/plugins/libflashplayer.so virtualbox ---------- 参考： `Install VirtualBox on Arch Linux `__ .. code-block:: bios -> cpu 设置 -> 打开 amd-v pacman -S virtualbox 选择 virtualbox-host-modules-arch reboot modprobe vboxdrv yay -S virtualbox-ext-oracle usermod -G vboxusers -a [username] java ---- 查看支持的java版本： .. code-block:: archlinux-java status 切换java的版本： .. code-block:: archlinux-java set steam ----- install ~~~~~~~ `How to Play Games on Arch Linux Using Steam: A Complete Guide `__ 在 /etc/pacman.conf 开启 multilib .. code-block:: pacman -S steam overlay ~~~~~~~ `SteamDeck上SteamOS+Windows双系统共用原神游戏文件的方法 `__ 双系统环境，linux下复用windows已下已安装的游戏文件，避免重复下载，同时避免修改原windows下的游戏文件。 windows下steamapps路径已挂载为 ``/mnt/d/game/Steam/steamapps`` linux下steamapps路径为 ``/home/xxx/.local/share/Steam/steamapps`` linux下steamapps的overlay upperdir路径为 ``/home/xxx/game/steamapps_upper`` linux下steamapps的overlay workdir路径为 ``/home/xxx/game/steamapps_work`` 在/etc/fstab中添加配置： .. code-block:: overlay /home/xxx/.local/share/Steam/steamapps overlay defaults,nofail,index=off,lowerdir=/mnt/d/game/Steam/steamapps,upperdir=/home/xxx/game/steamapps_upper,workdir=/home/xxx/game/steamapps_work 0 2 挂载目录 .. code-block:: sudo mount /home/xxx/.local/share/Steam/steamapps play ~~~~ 启动steam，在设置项的兼容性中选择proton版本，一般可默认为proton experimental。 直接游玩相关游戏。 witcher 3 ~~~~~~~~~ `steam witcher3 `__ Witcher 3需要特殊配置proton版本选8.0左右，右键属性中设置启动选项： .. code-block:: WINEDLLOVERRIDES="winmm,version=n,b" %command% --launcher-skip 效果一般，容易僵住 也可以尝试使用第三方的GE-Proton： .. code-block:: yay -S protonup-qt 系统备份 -------- 使用 `clonezilla `__ 备份/恢复 磁盘或分区 故障处理 ======== KERNEL PANIC 恢复 ----------------- - 系统升级失败，重启提示kernel panic，switch_root : fail to … - 从live cd启动，将原来系统的根分区挂载到/mnt下，再用旧版glibc恢复 .. code-block:: mount /dev/sda1 /mnt pacman -U glibc-2.16.0-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz -r /mnt /bin/plymouth: No such file or directory ---------------------------------------- archlinux , thinkpad x61t，开机出错 journalctl -xn显示 /bin/plymouth: No such file or directory 删掉 /etc/fstab 中不存在的介质 闪屏 ---- thinkpad x12 detachable, intel cpu, 闪屏 `Screen_flickering `__ arch.conf开机引导的options项中添加\ ``i915.enable_psr=0`` no sound card ------------- thinkpad x12 detachable, intel tiger cpu, 没有声音 .. code-block:: lspci -knn | grep -A2 audio arch.conf开机引导的options项中添加\ ``snd_hda_intel.dmic_detect=0`` pacman segment fault -------------------- 将 /etc/pacman.conf 中的 XferCommand 注释掉 yay 提示 libalpm.so.13 库文件丢失\` ----------------------------------- .. code-block:: sudo ln -sf /usr/lib/libalpm.so.14 /usr/lib/libalpm.so.13 nvidia闪屏 ----------- .. code-block:: xfconf-query -c xfwm4 -p /general/vblank_mode xfconf-query -c xfwm4 -p /general/vblank_mode -s off